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Definition
of Antlers:
Antlers are the usually large and complex horn-like appendages of most deer species, mostly worn by males only, for some species such as caribou by both sexes. They consist of bony outgrowths from the head with no covering of keratin as is found in true horns. Each antler grows from an attachment point on the skull called a pedicle. While an antler is growing it is covered with highly vascular skin called velvet, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone; once the antler has achieved its proper size, the velvet is lost and the antler's bone dies. This dead bone structure is the mature antler. Antlers shed after each mating season.
Most even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyls) have head ornaments, such as deer, reindeer, elk, and moose. In most species, only males have antler growth. Antlers stem from the upper part of the frontal bone processes, called burrs. They grow by the accumulation of a cartilage -like bone matrix. The development of antlers begins in the spring with small nubs covered with "velvet," a layer of skin with oil and scent glands and nerves, as well as the sparse coating of hair that gives the velvet its name. Nutrients are supplied from the diet to the underlying bone through the velvet, and the antlers grow quickly throughout the summer. Toward the end of the velvet stage, growth slows and the antler begins to harden off. The velvet begins in spring and ends in the fall. During this period the interior of the bone becomes denser, increasing the final weight from the beginning of hardening off process by about 70 percent. The velvet dies in the fall, and the animal rubs its antlers against tree trunks and branches to get the dead velvet off.
Antlers can be used as a defense against predators, but scientists believe that their primary function is to establish an individual's ranking within its species. Antlers are also used in ritual fights among individuals of the same species. Their size and scent indicate to other members of the same species an individual's rank and maturity, and this information often avoids the need to fight to establish the same ranking.
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